Chronological, functional and hybrid are the three main formats for resumes. Chronological resumes emphasize work history in reverse chronological order by date. Functional resumes emphasize skills and deemphasize work history. Hybrid resumes combine elements of both the chronological and functional resume formats. This article contains four examples of each of the three resume formats available for downloading in Microsoft Office Word and LibreOffice Writer. The documents are simple table or paragraph templates that can be easily modified using the free version of Microsoft Word available at https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/free-office-online-for-the-web" and LibreOffice Writer, which is free, open source and available at https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download-libreoffice/ . (Note: For your safety, use antivirus software to scan all downloads for malicious code and look at all URLs closely to ensure that one letter isn't added or omitted to spoof the website and capture your info.)
Generally, all three resume formats should use a standard typeface like Arial, Georgia, Helvetica, Times New Roman, Tahoma or Verdana. The type size should be 11 or 12 points. Use one-inch margins on all four sides and a lot of white space between headings and body text. Resumes should be limited to one page unless you have decades of experience. The downloadable resumes in this article are formatted with Arial 11-point typeface, one-inch margins on all four sides and .12 line spacing above and below headings, paragraphs and bullets. Margins, font size, line spacing, table cell margins, and font kerning are elements that can be modified to create more space or fill blank space in the templates.
The “Professional Summary” section of the chronological and functional resume formats should include both hard and soft skills. Hard skills are quantifiable abilities and knowledge like programming languages and computer applications whereas soft skills are behavioral traits such as interpersonal and communications skills. Begin every sentence in the “Professional Summary” section with an adjective describing your hard and soft skills (nouns). Examples: "Extensive web development experience with JavaScript, SQL, XML, HTML, and CSS" or "Comprehensive research and resolution of customer claims thereby improving customer service by [insert metric here]."
Use past tense verbs for past employment (or present tense verbs for current employment) descriptions of job responsibilities or accomplishments in the “Work History” section of the chronological and hybrid resume formats. If possible, include metrics in this section as well. Sales volume is not the only metric worthy of being included on a resume. Most industries use metrics to measure performance, impacts or outcomes. For example, use customer service call volume metrics, customer satisfaction metrics, warehouse production metrics, performance metrics, etc. wherever you can to optimize your resume and rank higher in Applicant Tracking Systems.
Lastly, never write in first person in a resume. In other words, never begin a sentence with "I" in a resume. Begin all sentences with adjectives and verbs. The cover letter is reserved for writing in first person. Even in a cover letter, try not to start every sentence with "I" because some recruiters and hiring managers will use that to determine specific personal traits.
Chronological resumes emphasize work history in reverse chronological order by date beginning with the most recent or current job listed first. Recruiters are looking for company names, job titles, dates of employment and job duties or accomplishments with metrics. Chronological resumes present relevant information concisely in the context of work history and can be scanned quickly by headings and dates to provide brief overviews of candidates’ qualifications.
Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) parse chronological resumes well. ATS parses and ranks resumes based on keywords and work history. Headings, subheadings and content are clear and in the expected format. Applicant Tracking Systems are programmed to look for keywords, job titles, and years of employment. Include keywords in the Summary paragraph at the top of the resume and in the body text where possible to rank higher in the candidate pool.
Candidates whose work histories clearly demonstrate recent experience in the industry should use the chronological resume format. Candidates whose work histories show increased responsibility or promotions in the same line of work over time should also use the chronological resume format. Career changers can benefit from using the chronological resume format if their most recent work experience is relevant to the job they are applying for even if prior work experience is not relevant.
Download links are below respective resume formats in both MS Word and LibreOffice Writer editable docs.
A functional resume or skills-based resume emphasizes skills and deemphasizes work history. The body of a functional resume highlights areas of expertise under a main heading such as “Relevant Skills” or “Professional Skills” with subheadings listing each major skill such as “Sales,” “Customer Service” or “Manufacturing” for example. Two to three descriptive sentences in bullet points describing job duties or accomplishments and metrics are listed directly under each skill. The purpose is to showcase skillsets instead of gaps in employment history or lack of experience that might be emphasized clearly in a chronological resume.
Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) do not parse functional resumes well and may omit a candidate from consideration entirely because candidates’ skills and experience are separated from the context of work history. For this reason, recruiters cannot determine how much experience candidates have with specific skills or how recently those skills have been used. Candidates might seem to be hiding a lack of qualifications or gaps in employment history by using the functional resume format. Therefore, functional resumes reduce candidates’ interview chances.
While a chronological resume is the preferred format for recruiters, candidates with no work history seeking entry level positions or those who have been out of the workforce for a long time might benefit from using the functional resume format. Additionally, functional resumes may be useful when candidates do not have traditional work histories. Volunteer work falls into this category.
Job seekers with clear career trajectories and job changers should not use functional resumes. Also, job seekers whose last job is relevant to the current job posting should not use the functional resume format. A hybrid resume format is optimal for these candidates because they have transferable skills and a clearly relevant work history even if there are short gaps in employment.
Download links are below respective resume formats in both MS Word and LibreOffice Writer editable docs.
A hybrid resume is a combination resume that combines elements of both the chronological and functional resume formats. It begins with a “Skills” section and is followed by “Work History” and “Education” sections, respectively. Hybrid resumes highlight transferable skills and often omit the “Professional Summary” section included at the top of the page in both chronological and functional resumes.
Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) parse hybrid resumes as well as chronological resumes if clearly formatted and include standard section headings like “Skills,” “Work History” and “Education.” Include keywords in every section to optimize your resume for each job posting. Applicant Tracking Systems are programmed to look for keywords, job titles, and years of experience. Hybrid resumes include this information in the context of work history the same as chronological resumes do.
Hybrid resumes are used by job seekers who are changing careers or freelancers and independent contractors who have a lot of experience in various industries. College graduates who have transferable skills but not a lot of work experience other than internships or volunteer work also use this resume format. The hybrid resume format lets job seekers lead with strengths like leadership, project management or technical skills while demonstrating where, how and when that experience was gained. It emphasizes transferable skills in the context of work history to appeal to traditional recruiters who prefer chronological resumes.
Download links are below respective resume formats in both MS Word and LibreOffice Writer editable docs.
Applicant Tracking Systems may not retain original resume formatting and may display resumes as plain text. Therefore, it is best to convert resumes to Portable Document Format (PDF) before uploading them to employer websites or job boards to retain original formatting. PDFs are easily parsed by ATS but are not editable by recruiters unless they have Adobe Acrobat. Recruiters from temp agencies often request resumes in MS Word so that they can remove candidates' contact information from the header to prevent potential clients from contacting candidates directly thereby circumventing temp agencies' services (and fees). Temp agencies are a good way to obtain experience for those with little to no experience, career changers or recent graduates. Temp agencies are also a good way for job seekers to get their foot in the door of large corporations that hire full-time, permanent employees from the temp pool based on performance. Just know that most temp agencies don't provide good benefits, if any, and take about 30 percent on average off the top of candidates' weekly pay.